Combinezm focus stack
Indication that the checkerboard pattern A is actually in focus is indicated by the well-defined edges of each black and white square (representing a maximum variation of 100% (white) to 0% (black) on the edge of each squares). To illustrate this,įigure 2 shows a checkerboard pattern imaged in the focus plane (1) and out of focus (2). In a digitized image, this translates into the amount of variation that can be observed among neighboring pixels. Details on a picture are usually recognizable as zones with well-defined edges and strong contrast, a characteristic that tends to disappear if out of focus. Identification of zones in focus is determined by using the amount of details visible in a frame, such as edges and dots: when parts of the object are out of focus, details will appear blurred or will not be seen at all.
![combinezm focus stack combinezm focus stack](https://cdn.cambridgeincolour.com/images/tutorials/macro_naskrecki-ants1.jpg)
These zones are subsequently merged while out of focus areas are ignored. The method used by CombineZM consists of identifying zones within each frame that appear to be in focus. Several methods can be adopted for the image processing required to complete depth of field reconstruction.
Combinezm focus stack software#
This particular software was adapted to work on translucent objects and give significantly better results for palynological use. Table 1, only CombineZM ( Hadley 2006) will be discussed herein. For this reason, among all of the available software listed in While this is compatible for use with opaque paleontological and geological objects, translucent palynomorphs may be only partially reconstructed as two overlapping areas (e.g., the proximal pole and the distal pole of a spore) can appear in focus at a different level. However, keep in mind that the majority of this software is designed for use by photographers using the "macro" mode of their camera. For the purpose of this paper, focus stacking was tested on each of the listed software to compare the quality of the end result image.
![combinezm focus stack combinezm focus stack](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2B36OStuHjs/maxresdefault.jpg)
Combinezm focus stack license#
A summary of commonly available software is listed in Table 1 along with the operating system on which it can be installed, as well as the type of license for its usage (free or commercial). Focus stacking uses a stack of images taken in different focus conditions in order to reconstruct a complete image of the object.īoth commercial and free open sourced software incorporate or were specifically developed to apply image stacking and/or focus stacking on a set of images. This reconstruction technique, very popular for astronomical photography, should not be confused with the second image processing technique called focus stacking. Image stacking is effectively working on limitations dues to the imaging system (and especially digital camera sensors) by combining all the separate images into a single image with reduced noise, defects, and increased resolution. There are two popular image processing techniques based on image stacks: the first is called image stacking and consists of using multiple image of an object taken in the same conditions.
Combinezm focus stack full#
The solution relies on a software algorithm capable of reconstructing a full image based on a stack of multiple individual pictures.
![combinezm focus stack combinezm focus stack](https://static.flickr.com/43/90115253_4253898a5f.jpg)
RECONSTRUCTING DEPTH OF FIELD BY SOFTWARE PROCESSING